Cancer is one of the most widely discussed health conditions in the world, yet it is also one of the most misunderstood. The word “cancer” does not describe one single disease. It refers to a large group of diseases in which abnormal cells grow uncontrollably, invade surrounding tissues and, in some cases, spread to distant organs.
There are many different types of cancer, and they behave very differently. Some grow slowly and can be successfully treated with relatively simple treatment. Others can be aggressive and difficult to control. The stage at diagnosis, cancer type, tumour biology, overall health and response to treatment all influence the outlook.
The good news is that cancer treatment has improved significantly. Many cancers can now be cured, particularly when they are detected early and treated appropriately. Globally, WHO estimates that about 38% of cancers could currently be prevented through avoiding risk factors and using established prevention strategies.
What is cancer?
Cancer begins when changes occur in the genes that control how cells grow, divide and repair themselves. Instead of following the body’s normal growth controls, abnormal cells may continue multiplying and form a tumour.
Not all tumours are cancerous. Benign tumours generally do not invade surrounding tissues or spread to distant parts of the body. Malignant tumours, on the other hand, can invade nearby tissues and may spread through the blood or lymphatic system. This spread is called metastasis.
There are many types of cancer, including breast, lung, prostate, colorectal, stomach, ovarian, cervical, liver, pancreatic, brain, bone and blood cancers such as leukaemia and lymphoma.
What are the 7 signs of cancer?
There is no single set of symptoms that proves someone has cancer. In fact, many cancer symptoms are caused by much more common conditions. However, persistent or unexplained changes should not be ignored.
Seven important warning signs include:
- An unexplained lump or swelling – A new lump in the breast, neck, armpit, abdomen or another part of the body should be assessed.
- Unexplained weight loss – Losing significant weight without changing your diet or activity level can sometimes be a warning sign.
- Unusual bleeding – Blood in the stool, urine, vomit or vaginal bleeding outside the expected pattern needs medical evaluation.
- Persistent cough or hoarseness – A cough or voice change that does not settle should be checked, particularly in people with risk factors.
- Persistent changes in bowel or bladder habits – Ongoing diarrhea, constipation, blood in stools, difficulty urinating or blood in urine can have several causes, including cancer.
- A sore or skin change that does not heal – A changing mole, persistent skin lesion, unusual bleeding or a non-healing sore deserves attention.
- Persistent fatigue, fever or night sweats – Severe unexplained tiredness, recurrent fever or night sweats may occur with some cancers.
These symptoms do not mean that a person has cancer. The National Cancer Institute recommends seeing a doctor when symptoms persist for a couple of weeks rather than waiting for them to become severe.
What is the main cause of cancer?
There is no single cause of cancer.
Cancer develops because of accumulated genetic changes in cells. These changes can occur because of inherited genetic factors, ageing, environmental exposures, lifestyle factors and certain infections.
Some important cancer risk factors include:
- Tobacco use
- Alcohol consumption
- Excess body weight
- Physical inactivity
- Unhealthy diet
- Ultraviolet radiation
- Air pollution
- Certain infections, including HPV and hepatitis B and C
- Exposure to carcinogens such as asbestos
- Ionising radiation
- Increasing age
- Certain inherited genetic mutations
WHO describes cancer as the result of interactions between genetic factors and physical, chemical and biological carcinogens.
What is 90% of cancer caused by?
The idea that “90% of cancer is caused by one thing” is a misconception. There is no scientifically established single cause responsible for 90% of all cancers.
In a 2026 global analysis, WHO and IARC estimated that about 37% of new cancer cases in 2022 were linked to preventable causes. Tobacco was the largest preventable contributor at about 15% of all new cancer cases globally, followed by cancer-causing infections at about 10% and alcohol at about 3%.
This is an important distinction. A large proportion of cancer is potentially preventable, but cancer also occurs in people who do not smoke, drink alcohol or have obvious lifestyle risk factors.
Can cancer be prevented?
Not every cancer can be prevented, but many cases can be avoided or their risk reduced.
The most effective steps include avoiding tobacco, maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly, eating a balanced diet, limiting alcohol, protecting the skin from excessive ultraviolet exposure and receiving recommended vaccinations such as HPV and hepatitis B vaccination.
Screening is also important because some cancers can be detected before symptoms develop. Depending on age and risk factors, screening may include tests for breast, cervical, colorectal and other cancers.
WHO estimates that around 37% of new cancer cases globally were associated with preventable causes in 2022.
What are the stages of cancer?
Cancer staging describes how extensive a cancer is. For many solid tumours, stages range from stage 0 through stage 4.
- Stage 0: Abnormal cells are present but have not invaded surrounding tissue in the way an invasive cancer does.
- Stage 1: Cancer is generally small and localized.
- Stage 2: The tumour is larger or has more local involvement.
- Stage 3: Cancer has usually spread more extensively into nearby tissues or lymph nodes.
- Stage 4: Cancer has spread to distant parts of the body in many cancers.
The exact staging system varies between cancer types. Blood cancers and some brain tumours, for example, are not always staged in the same way as solid tumours.
Stage is important because it helps doctors determine treatment options and estimate prognosis.
Is stage 4 cancer 100% death?
No. Stage 4 cancer is not automatically 100% fatal.
Stage 4 usually means that cancer has spread to distant parts of the body, also called metastatic cancer. Many metastatic cancers cannot currently be cured, but treatments may control them, slow their growth, reduce symptoms and help people live for years. Some advanced cancers can even be cured in selected circumstances.
The outcome depends heavily on the type of cancer. For example, some metastatic testicular cancers remain highly treatable, while cancers such as metastatic pancreatic cancer generally have a much poorer prognosis.
Therefore, “stage 4” should never be interpreted as a precise prediction of how long someone will live.
Why is 5-year cancer-free important?
The five-year mark is important because cancer recurrence is more common during the first several years after treatment for many cancers.
Doctors commonly use five-year survival statistics because they provide a useful standard for comparing outcomes. However, surviving five years does not mean that recurrence is impossible.
The NCI explains that some doctors may consider a person cured after complete remission lasting five years or longer, but cancer can occasionally return much later.
It is therefore better to think of five-year survival as an important milestone rather than a guarantee.
What are the top 3 most curable cancers?
There is no universally accepted “top three” because curability depends on the stage and subtype. However, testicular cancer, thyroid cancer and prostate cancer are among cancers with exceptionally high survival rates when diagnosed in appropriate circumstances.
For example, current US data show five-year relative survival of about 98% for thyroid cancer and prostate cancer overall. Testicular cancer is also highly curable, including many cases requiring chemotherapy after initial treatment.
Breast cancer and melanoma also have very high survival when diagnosed early.
The key point is that cancer type alone does not determine outcome. Early detection can make an enormous difference.
What are the top 3 killing cancers?
Globally, according to WHO’s latest data, the three cancer types responsible for the greatest number of cancer deaths in 2024 were:
- Lung cancer – approximately 1.86 million deaths
- Colorectal cancer – approximately 918,000 deaths
- Liver cancer – approximately 732,000 deaths
Breast and stomach cancers also accounted for a large number of deaths worldwide.
These figures are global and should not be interpreted as an individual’s personal risk.
Which cancers aren’t curable?
There are cancers that are difficult to cure, especially when they are diagnosed at an advanced or metastatic stage. Examples can include many cases of pancreatic cancer, advanced liver cancer, metastatic lung cancer and some aggressive brain cancers.
However, saying that a particular cancer is “not curable” can be misleading. Some advanced cancers can be controlled for long periods, and treatment options continue to improve.
The NCI notes that some advanced cancers can be controlled for many years and, in certain situations, can even be cured.
What are the treatment options for cancer?
Cancer treatment depends on several factors, including the type of cancer, its stage, tumour size and location, whether it has spread, the genetic characteristics of the tumour, the person’s overall health and how the cancer responds to treatment. Some people need only one type of treatment, while others receive a combination of treatments.
Surgery
Surgery is one of the oldest and most commonly used cancer treatments. When a tumour is localized, surgeons may remove the cancer along with a margin of surrounding healthy tissue. In some cancers, nearby lymph nodes may also be removed and examined.
Surgery can sometimes cure cancer when the entire tumour can be removed. It may also be used to reduce the size of a tumour before other treatments or to relieve symptoms caused by an advanced cancer.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy uses medicines that destroy cancer cells or stop them from multiplying. These medicines may be given intravenously, as tablets or through other routes depending on the cancer and the drugs being used.
Chemotherapy may be used before surgery to shrink a tumour, after surgery to destroy remaining cancer cells, or as the main treatment for cancers that respond particularly well to chemotherapy.
Because chemotherapy can also affect some healthy rapidly dividing cells, it may cause side effects such as fatigue, nausea, hair loss, mouth sores and changes in blood cell counts. Many side effects improve after treatment ends, although some can last longer.
Radiation therapy
Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to damage cancer cells and prevent them from growing and dividing.
It may be used as the main treatment for certain cancers or combined with surgery and chemotherapy. Radiation can also be used to control symptoms in advanced cancer, such as pain caused by a tumour pressing on a bone or another organ.
Modern radiation techniques allow doctors to deliver radiation more precisely to the tumour while reducing exposure to surrounding healthy tissue.
Immunotherapy
Immunotherapy helps the body’s immune system recognize and attack cancer cells. Some cancer cells are able to hide from the immune system or suppress its activity. Immunotherapy can interfere with these mechanisms and help immune cells fight the cancer.
Immune checkpoint inhibitors are one important group of immunotherapy medicines. Other approaches include certain antibody treatments and cellular therapies.
Immunotherapy has transformed the treatment of several cancers, although it does not work for every patient or every cancer.
Targeted therapy
Targeted therapies are designed to act on specific molecules, proteins or genetic changes that help cancer cells grow and survive.
Before targeted therapy is recommended, doctors may test the tumour for particular biomarkers or genetic alterations. If the cancer contains a target that matches an available treatment, targeted therapy may be considered.
Because these medicines are designed to act on specific characteristics of cancer cells, their side effects can differ from those of traditional chemotherapy.
Hormone therapy
Some cancers depend on hormones such as oestrogen, progesterone or testosterone to grow. Hormone therapy either reduces the amount of these hormones in the body or prevents cancer cells from using them.
Hormone therapy plays an important role in treating certain breast and prostate cancers. It may be used alone or alongside surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy or other treatments.
Stem cell or bone marrow transplantation
Stem cell transplantation may be used to treat certain blood cancers, including some types of leukaemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma.
The procedure involves giving high-dose treatment to destroy cancer cells and then replacing blood-forming stem cells. The stem cells may come from the patient or, in some cases, from a suitable donor.
This is a complex treatment and is appropriate only for selected patients.
Precision medicine and biomarker testing
Cancer treatment is increasingly becoming more personalized. Instead of treating every tumour of the same organ in exactly the same way, doctors may examine the tumour’s genetic and molecular characteristics.
Biomarker testing can sometimes identify mutations or other features that make a cancer more likely to respond to a particular targeted therapy or immunotherapy.
This approach is sometimes called precision medicine or personalized cancer treatment.
Palliative and supportive care
Palliative care is not limited to the final stages of life. It can be provided alongside cancer treatment at any stage, particularly when a person has symptoms or side effects that need additional attention.
It focuses on improving quality of life by managing problems such as pain, nausea, breathlessness, fatigue, anxiety, sleep difficulties and other symptoms.
Supportive care can also include nutritional advice, physiotherapy, psychological support and help for families and caregivers.
Can cancer be treated without chemotherapy?
Yes. Chemotherapy is only one of many cancer treatments.
Depending on the cancer, treatment may involve surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy or a combination of these approaches. Some cancers can be treated successfully without chemotherapy, while others respond particularly well to chemotherapy.
The appropriate treatment should be determined by a cancer specialist after considering the cancer type, stage, pathology and the individual’s overall health.
How do doctors decide which cancer treatment is best?
Cancer treatment is usually planned by considering several factors rather than relying on the cancer diagnosis alone.
Doctors may consider:
- The exact type and subtype of cancer
- The stage of the disease
- Tumour size and location
- Whether lymph nodes or distant organs are involved
- Genetic or molecular characteristics of the tumour
- The person’s age and general health
- Previous cancer treatments
- Potential benefits and side effects
- The person’s preferences and treatment goals
For many patients, treatment involves a multidisciplinary team that may include medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, surgeons, pathologists, radiologists, nurses and other specialists.
The most important point is that there is no single cancer treatment that works for every cancer or every patient. Advances in surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy and precision medicine have significantly expanded the options available to people with cancer.
Are any cancers 100% curable?
No cancer can honestly be described as 100% curable in every patient.
Some cancers have extremely high cure rates, particularly when found early. But medicine generally avoids promising a 100% cure because microscopic cancer cells can occasionally remain after treatment and later cause recurrence.
For example, testicular cancer is considered highly curable in many patients, while localized prostate and thyroid cancers also have exceptionally high survival rates.
What percentage of cancers are cured?
There is no single global percentage of “cancers cured.”
This is because cancer is made up of many different diseases, and researchers usually report survival, mortality, remission or recurrence rather than one universal cure percentage.
As a useful benchmark, the latest US SEER data show a 70.5% five-year relative survival rate for all cancer sites combined among people diagnosed during 2016–2022.
This does not mean 70.5% of people are cured. Five-year relative survival measures survival compared with the expected survival of similar people without cancer and does not guarantee that cancer will never return.
Survival also varies dramatically between cancers. For example, the American Cancer Society reports five-year relative survival of more than 99% for localized prostate cancer and more than 99% for localized breast cancer, while distant pancreatic cancer has a much lower survival rate.
How many cancers have we cured?
There is no exact number.
Cancer is not one disease, and there are hundreds of recognized cancer types and subtypes. Researchers continue to discover important differences in the genetic and biological behaviour of tumours.
Rather than saying “we have cured X number of cancers,” it is more accurate to say that many specific cancers are potentially curable, especially when detected early.
Some childhood cancers, testicular cancers, thyroid cancers, certain lymphomas and many early-stage breast, prostate, colorectal and skin cancers can have excellent outcomes with appropriate treatment.
Will we ever cure all cancers?
It is impossible to predict whether medicine will ever cure every form of cancer.
One reason is that cancer is extraordinarily diverse. Two tumours arising in the same organ can have completely different genetic changes and may respond differently to treatment.
Researchers are working on increasingly precise approaches, including targeted therapies, immunotherapy, cellular therapies, better screening, genetic testing and treatments designed around the molecular characteristics of individual tumours.
The goal is not necessarily one universal “cancer cure.” Instead, the future may involve preventing more cancers, detecting them earlier, curing more patients and turning some advanced cancers into manageable long-term conditions.
That progress is already happening. Overall five-year relative survival for cancer in the United States has reached about 70%, compared with approximately 49% for people diagnosed in the mid-1970s.
What is the average life expectancy after stopping chemotherapy?
There is no meaningful average life expectancy after stopping chemotherapy that applies to everyone.
Stopping chemotherapy does not automatically mean that death is imminent. Some people finish chemotherapy because their planned treatment has been completed and move into surveillance or another phase of treatment. Others may stop because the cancer is no longer responding, side effects have become too difficult, or the goals of care have changed.
Life expectancy depends on the cancer type, stage, tumour biology, response to previous treatment, other health conditions and whether other treatments remain available.
For someone with advanced cancer whose chemotherapy is no longer controlling the disease, doctors may recommend other treatments, clinical trials or palliative care depending on the situation. The NCI emphasizes that decisions about continuing or stopping chemotherapy should consider the likely benefits, risks and the person’s goals of care.
A doctor who knows the patient’s complete medical history is in the best position to discuss an individual prognosis.
What happens after chemo ends?
Finishing chemotherapy can be an important milestone, but it does not necessarily mean that medical care stops.
After treatment, patients commonly move into follow-up or survivorship care. Depending on the cancer, this may involve:
- Regular medical appointments
- Physical examinations
- Blood tests
- Imaging or other investigations when appropriate
- Monitoring for cancer recurrence
- Managing treatment side effects
- Rehabilitation and exercise
- Nutritional support
- Emotional and psychological support
Many chemotherapy side effects gradually improve after treatment. Fatigue, for example, often decreases after chemotherapy finishes, although some people may take a month or longer to feel closer to normal.
Some effects, such as nerve problems, can persist for longer. Other late effects may not appear until months or years after treatment.
The NCI recommends that cancer survivors have a follow-up care plan based on their cancer type, treatment and overall health.
When should you see a doctor?
Most symptoms associated with cancer are caused by conditions other than cancer. Still, persistent or unexplained symptoms should be evaluated rather than ignored.
Speak with a doctor if you notice a new lump, unexplained weight loss, unusual bleeding, persistent cough or hoarseness, ongoing bowel or bladder changes, a skin lesion that does not heal, persistent unexplained fever or night sweats, or unusual fatigue.
If a doctor suspects cancer, there is no single test that can diagnose every cancer. Evaluation may involve a physical examination, blood or urine tests, imaging and, when appropriate, a biopsy.
Early diagnosis can make a major difference because many cancers have a much better chance of successful treatment when found before they spread.
Frequently asked questions about cancer
What is cancer in simple terms?
Cancer is a group of diseases in which abnormal cells grow and divide uncontrollably. These cells may invade nearby tissues and can sometimes spread to distant organs.
Is cancer always fatal?
No. Many cancers can be cured, particularly when detected early. Others can be treated or controlled for many years.
Is stage 4 cancer always terminal?
No. Stage 4 usually means cancer has spread to distant parts of the body, but some metastatic cancers respond very well to treatment and some can be cured in selected situations.
Does five years mean cancer is completely cured?
Not necessarily. Five years without recurrence is an important milestone, but some cancers can return later.
What is the biggest preventable cause of cancer?
Tobacco is the leading preventable cause of cancer globally. WHO/IARC estimated that tobacco was responsible for about 15% of all new cancer cases worldwide in 2022.
Can healthy lifestyle changes prevent cancer?
They cannot prevent every cancer, but avoiding tobacco, maintaining a healthy weight, exercising, eating a healthy diet, limiting alcohol, protecting yourself from excessive UV exposure and receiving appropriate vaccinations can reduce cancer risk.
Can cancer come back after treatment?
Yes. Cancer recurrence can happen even after successful treatment. This is why follow-up appointments and recommended surveillance are important.
Does stopping chemotherapy mean there is no hope?
No. Chemotherapy may be stopped for many reasons. A person may have completed the planned course, changed treatment, experienced significant side effects or moved to a different treatment strategy. In advanced cancer, care may also shift toward controlling symptoms and maintaining quality of life.
What is the most important thing to remember about cancer?
Cancer is not one disease, and a diagnosis does not automatically determine a person’s future. The type of cancer, stage, biology, treatment response and overall health all matter.
Early detection remains one of the most powerful tools available. Knowing potential warning signs, following recommended screening guidelines and seeking medical advice for persistent unexplained changes can help identify cancer earlier, when treatment is often more successful.
Medical disclaimer: This article is intended for general health education and does not replace medical advice, diagnosis or treatment from a qualified healthcare professional. Anyone with persistent, unexplained or concerning symptoms should consult a doctor.
To consult a Doctor at Sparsh Diagnostic Centre, call our helpline number 9830117733.
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Disclaimer:
No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician.
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