Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that develop on or inside the ovaries. They are quite common in women of reproductive age and are often harmless and go away on their own. However, some cysts can cause symptoms, complications, or even be a sign of underlying health issues that require treatment.

In this comprehensive blog, we’ll explore everything you need to know about ovarian cysts — including types, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment options, potential complications, and prevention.

What Are Ovarian Cysts?

An ovarian cyst is a sac filled with fluid or semisolid material that forms on or within an ovary. Most ovarian cysts are benign (non-cancerous) and are a part of the normal menstrual cycle. However, some cysts can cause pain or indicate a more serious condition such as endometriosis or even ovarian cancer.

Types of Ovarian Cysts

Ovarian cysts can be broadly categorized into functional and pathological cysts.

1. Functional Cysts

These are the most common types and form during the menstrual cycle. They usually resolve on their own within a few weeks.

• Follicular Cyst: Occurs when the follicle doesn’t release an egg and continues to grow.

• Corpus Luteum Cyst: Forms after an egg is released and the follicle seals off, accumulating fluid.

2. Pathological Cysts

These result from abnormal cell growth and may need medical intervention.

• Dermoid Cyst (Teratoma): Contains tissues like hair, skin, or teeth.

• Endometrioma: Caused by endometriosis; the cyst is filled with dark, old blood.

• Cystadenoma: Develops from ovarian tissue and can be filled with watery or mucous material.

• Polycystic Ovaries: Associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS); multiple small cysts form in the ovaries.

Symptoms of Ovarian Cysts

Most ovarian cysts are asymptomatic and discovered incidentally during routine pelvic exams. However, larger or ruptured cysts can cause symptoms, such as:

• Pelvic pain or pressure (on one side)

• Abdominal bloating or swelling

• Pain during intercourse

• Painful periods or irregular menstruation

• Frequent urge to urinate

• Difficulty emptying the bladder or bowel

• Nausea or vomiting (especially with rupture or torsion)

• Unexplained weight gain

• Breast tenderness

When to Seek Emergency Care:
If you experience sudden, severe abdominal or pelvic pain, fever, dizziness, or rapid breathing, seek immediate medical attention. These could be signs of a ruptured cyst or ovarian torsion.

Causes and Risk Factors

Causes:

• Hormonal imbalance

• Pregnancy

• Endometriosis

• Pelvic infections

• Genetic predisposition

Risk Factors:

• History of ovarian cysts

• Hormonal problems

• Pregnancy

• Irregular menstrual cycles

• Obesity

• Early menstruation (before age 11)

• Smoking

• Use of fertility drugs like Clomiphene

Diagnosis of Ovarian Cysts

If your doctor suspects an ovarian cyst, they may perform one or more of the following diagnostic tests:

1. Pelvic Examination

Initial detection may happen during a routine pelvic exam.

2. Ultrasound (Transvaginal or Abdominal)

This imaging test helps determine the size, location, shape, and composition of the cyst (fluid-filled, solid, or mixed).

3. Blood Tests

• CA-125 test: Elevated levels may suggest ovarian cancer, especially in postmenopausal women.

• Hormonal panels: To assess for PCOS or hormonal imbalances.

4. Pregnancy Test

To rule out pregnancy-related cysts.

5. Laparoscopy

A minimally invasive surgical procedure that allows direct visualization and removal of the cyst.

Treatment Options for Ovarian Cysts

Treatment depends on the cyst’s size, type, symptoms, and whether you are premenopausal or postmenopausal.

1. Watchful Waiting

If the cyst is small and symptom-free, doctors may suggest monitoring with follow-up ultrasounds.

2. Medications

• Hormonal contraceptives: Birth control pills can prevent new cysts from forming.

• Pain relievers: NSAIDs like ibuprofen for symptomatic relief.

3. Surgery

• Cystectomy: Removal of the cyst while preserving the ovary.

• Oophorectomy: Removal of one or both ovaries, typically in cases of large, complex, or cancerous cysts.

• Hysterectomy: In severe or cancerous cases, especially postmenopausal.

Note: Most benign cysts don’t require surgery, but persistent, symptomatic, or suspicious cysts may.

Complications of Ovarian Cysts

While many cysts resolve naturally, some may lead to complications:

1. Ruptured Cyst

Can cause severe pain and internal bleeding. Requires emergency care.

2. Ovarian Torsion

A large cyst may cause the ovary to twist, cutting off its blood supply — a medical emergency that needs surgery.

3. Infertility

Conditions like endometriomas or PCOS can affect fertility.

4. Cancer

Although rare, some cysts can be malignant, particularly in postmenopausal women.

Ovarian Cysts and Pregnancy

Cysts can also form during pregnancy. Most are harmless and resolve without intervention. However, if a cyst grows large or causes symptoms, surgical removal during the second trimester may be considered.

Ovarian Cysts vs PCOS: What’s the Difference?

While both involve ovarian cysts, PCOS is a chronic hormonal disorder characterized by:

• Multiple small cysts in the ovaries

• Irregular or absent periods

• Excess androgen levels (male hormones)

• Weight gain, acne, and facial hair growth

• Infertility

PCOS is a metabolic syndrome and not merely the presence of cysts.

Lifestyle and Home Remedies

While you can’t prevent all ovarian cysts, certain lifestyle practices may help reduce risk:

• Maintain a healthy weight

• Exercise regularly

• Eat a balanced diet rich in fiber and low in refined sugars

• Avoid smoking and excessive alcohol

• Manage stress effectively

• Keep up with regular gynecological exams

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Are ovarian cysts dangerous?

Most are benign and harmless, but some can cause serious complications if not managed properly.

2. Can ovarian cysts cause infertility?

Certain types like endometriomas and those associated with PCOS can impact fertility.

3. How long does an ovarian cyst last?

Functional cysts usually disappear within a few menstrual cycles.

4. Can you feel an ovarian cyst?

Most cannot be felt, but larger or symptomatic cysts may cause noticeable pelvic pain or bloating.

5. How can I know if my cyst is cancerous?

Your doctor may suggest blood tests, imaging, or surgery for diagnosis. Cancerous cysts are rare but more likely after menopause.

When to See a Doctor

You should consult a doctor if you experience:

• Persistent pelvic or abdominal pain

• Unexplained bloating

• Irregular periods

• Pain during intercourse

• Difficulty urinating or passing stool

• Any sudden and severe symptoms

Early detection helps prevent complications and improves outcomes.

Ovarian cysts are a common part of many women’s reproductive health journeys. While most cysts are harmless and self-resolving, others may require careful monitoring or intervention. Regular gynecological check-ups, awareness of symptoms, and healthy lifestyle choices can go a long way in preventing and managing ovarian cysts effectively.

If you suspect you might have an ovarian cyst or experience any concerning symptoms, don’t delay — consult a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and personalized treatment.

Need expert care for ovarian cysts?
Sparsh Diagnostic Centre offers advanced imaging, diagnostic tools, and gynecological consultation to help you stay ahead of your health.

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Disclaimer:

No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician.