Stomach Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that develops when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the lining of the stomach. Although its global incidence has declined over the past few decades, stomach cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, particularly in parts of Asia. Early detection significantly improves outcomes, but many cases are diagnosed at advanced stages due to vague or non-specific early symptoms.

This comprehensive guide explains everything you need to know about stomach cancer—its causes, risk factors, warning signs, diagnostic tests, treatment options, and preventive strategies—empowering patients and caregivers to make informed health decisions.

What Is Stomach Cancer?

Stomach cancer occurs when malignant cells form in the tissues of the stomach. Most stomach cancers are adenocarcinomas, originating from the glandular cells of the stomach lining. Other, less common types include:

• Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs)

• Lymphomas

• Neuroendocrine tumors

• Squamous cell carcinoma

The stomach plays a vital role in digestion by breaking down food and absorbing nutrients. Cancerous changes can interfere with these functions and spread to nearby organs if not treated promptly.

Types of Stomach Cancer

1. Adenocarcinoma

• Accounts for over 90% of stomach cancers

• Divided into:

  • Intestinal type – linked to environmental and dietary factors

  • Diffuse type – more aggressive, often hereditary

2. Gastric Lymphoma

• Develops from immune cells in the stomach

• Often associated with chronic Helicobacter pylori infection

3. Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (GIST)

• Originate from interstitial cells of Cajal

• Rare but treatable with targeted therapy

4. Neuroendocrine Tumors

• Develop from hormone-producing cells

• Usually slow-growing

Causes and Risk Factors of Stomach Cancer

Stomach cancer develops due to a combination of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors.

Common Risk Factors

• Helicobacter pylori infection (major risk factor)

• Chronic gastritis

• Smoking and tobacco use

• High-salt, smoked, or preserved foods

• Low intake of fruits and vegetables

• Excessive alcohol consumption

• Obesity

• Family history of stomach cancer

• Genetic conditions (e.g., hereditary diffuse gastric cancer)

• Pernicious anemia

• Previous stomach surgery

Symptoms of Stomach Cancer

Early Symptoms (Often Overlooked)

• Indigestion or heartburn

• Bloating after meals

• Mild nausea

• Loss of appetite

• Feeling full quickly (early satiety)

Advanced Symptoms

• Persistent abdominal pain

• Unexplained weight loss

• Vomiting (sometimes with blood)

• Black, tarry stools

• Difficulty swallowing

• Fatigue due to anemia

• Palpable abdominal mass

⚠️ Because early symptoms are subtle, many patients seek medical attention only when the disease has progressed.

How Stomach Cancer Is Diagnosed

1. Medical History and Physical Examination

A detailed evaluation of symptoms, family history, and risk factors.

2. Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy

• Gold standard diagnostic test

• Allows direct visualization and biopsy of suspicious areas

3. Biopsy

• Confirms the presence and type of cancer

4. Imaging Tests

• CT scan – assesses spread to lymph nodes and organs

• MRI or PET scan – used for staging

• Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) – evaluates depth of tumor invasion

5. Laboratory Tests

• Blood tests (anemia, liver function)

• Tumor markers (not diagnostic but supportive)

Staging of Stomach Cancer

Staging determines how far the cancer has spread and guides treatment decisions.

• Stage 0 – Cancer limited to the innermost lining

• Stage I – Tumor invades deeper layers, limited spread

• Stage II – Spread reflecting more advanced local involvement

• Stage III – Extensive lymph node involvement

• Stage IV – Metastatic disease (liver, lungs, bones)

Treatment Options for Stomach Cancer

Treatment depends on the cancer stage, type, patient’s health, and overall prognosis.

1. Surgery

The mainstay of treatment for early and locally advanced stomach cancer.

• Partial gastrectomy – removal of part of the stomach

• Total gastrectomy – removal of the entire stomach

• Lymph node dissection is usually performed

2. Chemotherapy

• Used before surgery (neoadjuvant) to shrink tumors

• Used after surgery (adjuvant) to kill remaining cancer cells

• Used as primary therapy in advanced disease

3. Radiation Therapy

• Often combined with chemotherapy

• Helps control tumor growth and reduce recurrence

4. Targeted Therapy

• Targets specific cancer cell proteins (e.g., HER2-positive tumors)

• Causes fewer side effects than traditional chemotherapy

5. Immunotherapy

• Boosts the body’s immune system to fight cancer

• Used in select advanced cases

Side Effects of Treatment

Treatment may cause:

• Nausea and vomiting

• Fatigue

• Hair loss

• Loss of appetite

• Nutritional deficiencies

• Digestive issues after surgery

Supportive care and nutritional guidance play a crucial role in recovery.

Diet and Nutrition After Stomach Cancer

Following treatment, especially surgery, dietary adjustments are essential.

Nutritional Tips

• Eat small, frequent meals

• Focus on high-protein foods

• Avoid sugary and high-fat foods

• Stay hydrated

• Take vitamin and mineral supplements if advised

Dieticians play an important role in improving quality of life after treatment.

Prevention of Stomach Cancer

While not all cases are preventable, risk can be significantly reduced.

Preventive Measures

• Treat H. pylori infection promptly

• Quit smoking

• Limit alcohol consumption

• Eat a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains

• Reduce intake of salty and processed foods

• Maintain a healthy weight

• Regular medical check-ups for high-risk individuals

Prognosis and Survival Rates

Survival depends largely on the stage at diagnosis:

• Early-stage stomach cancer – high survival rates

• Advanced-stage disease – lower survival, but treatment can improve quality and duration of life

Early detection remains the most important factor in improving outcomes.

When to See a Doctor

Consult a healthcare provider if you experience:

• Persistent indigestion

• Unexplained weight loss

• Chronic stomach pain

• Blood in vomit or stool

• Difficulty swallowing

Early medical evaluation can be life-saving.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. Is stomach cancer curable?

Yes, if detected early, stomach cancer can be cured with surgery and appropriate treatment.

2. What is the most common cause of stomach cancer?

Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori is the most significant risk factor.

3. Are stomach ulcers cancerous?

Most stomach ulcers are benign, but some may be associated with or mimic stomach cancer, requiring evaluation.

4. Can stomach cancer be detected early?

Yes, endoscopy can detect early-stage stomach cancer, especially in high-risk individuals.

5. Is stomach cancer hereditary?

Some types, such as hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, are genetic, but most cases are not inherited.

6. What age group is most affected by stomach cancer?

It is more common in people over 50 years of age.

7. Can lifestyle changes reduce the risk?

Yes, quitting smoking, improving diet, and treating infections can significantly lower risk.

8. How long does recovery take after stomach cancer surgery?

Recovery varies but may take several weeks to months, depending on the extent of surgery.

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