Total Knee Replacement (TKR), also known as knee arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure that replaces damaged or diseased knee joints with artificial implants. It is one of the most commonly performed and successful orthopedic surgeries worldwide, offering relief to millions suffering from chronic knee pain and disability.
In this detailed guide, we explore everything you need to know about total knee replacement, including indications, surgical steps, recovery and risks.
Understanding the Knee Joint
The knee is the largest and one of the most complex joints in the human body. It connects the thigh bone (femur) to the shin bone (tibia) and includes several important components:
Femur (thigh bone)
Tibia (shin bone)
Patella (kneecap)
Cartilage for smooth movement
Synovial fluid for lubrication
Ligaments and muscles for support
When any of these components become damaged—especially the cartilage—the result is pain, stiffness, and reduced mobility.
What Is Total Knee Replacement?
Total Knee Replacement involves replacing the worn-out cartilage and bone from the knee joint with artificial implants. The surgery typically includes:
Removing damaged cartilage and a portion of bone from the femur and tibia.
Reshaping the bones.
Inserting a metal femoral component and tibial component (usually a metal plate and a plastic spacer).
Ensuring smooth joint movement with proper alignment.
The goal is to restore function, relieve pain, and improve quality of life.
Who Needs a Total Knee Replacement?
Total knee replacement is recommended for individuals with:
Severe osteoarthritis – the most common cause.
Rheumatoid arthritis – autoimmune inflammation.
Post-traumatic arthritis – due to injury.
Avascular necrosis – loss of bone tissue due to poor blood supply.
Significant joint deformity or instability.
You may be a candidate for TKR if:
You experience chronic knee pain.
Pain persists even during rest.
Medications and physiotherapy are no longer effective.
Daily activities like walking or climbing stairs are difficult.
Types of Knee Replacement
There are different types of knee replacement surgeries, including:
1. Total Knee Replacement (TKR)
Replaces both the inner and outer parts of the knee joint. Most common.
2. Partial Knee Replacement (PKR)
Only one part (compartment) of the knee is replaced. Suitable for localized arthritis.
3. Bilateral Knee Replacement
Both knees are replaced either simultaneously or in staged procedures.
4. Revision Knee Replacement
A second surgery to replace or repair a previously implanted artificial joint.
Preoperative Assessment
Prior to surgery, patients undergo a thorough evaluation that includes:
X-rays to determine the extent of joint damage.
Blood tests and ECG to assess general health.
Anesthesia consultation.
The Surgical Procedure: Step-by-Step
The infographic from Sparsh Diagnostic Centre explains the TKR process in three key steps:
1. Diseased Joint
The knee with degenerated cartilage and damaged bone surfaces causing pain and stiffness.
2. Bones Cut and Shaped
Surgeons carefully remove the damaged bone and cartilage and reshape the surfaces of the femur and tibia.
3. Implants in Place
Femoral component: A metal cap placed over the end of the femur.
Tibial component: A metal base with a plastic insert (spacer) is placed on the tibia.
Sometimes a plastic button is placed behind the patella.
The components function like a natural knee, allowing smooth and pain-free movement.
Types of Implants
Implants used in knee replacements vary by material and design. Most are made of:
Cobalt-chromium alloy
Titanium
Polyethylene (plastic spacers)
The choice of implant depends on:
Age
Weight
Activity level
Bone quality
Your orthopedic surgeon selects the best combination for long-term durability.
Anesthesia and Hospital Stay
Surgery is typically performed under spinal or general anesthesia.
Duration: 1 to 2 hours.
Hospital stay: 2 to 5 days depending on patient condition.
Pain is managed using medications and nerve blocks for a smoother recovery.
Recovery and Rehabilitation
Week 1 to 2
Begin walking with walker/crutches within 24-48 hours.
Start physiotherapy: knee bending, muscle strengthening.
Monitor wound healing.
Week 3 to 6
Improve walking distance and stability.
Reduce dependency on walking aids.
Focus on improving range of motion (goal: 0 to 110+ degrees).
Week 7 to 12
Resume low-impact daily activities.
Climb stairs, sit cross-legged (if allowed).
Return to work depending on job type.
Long-Term
Full recovery takes 4 to 6 months.
Avoid high-impact sports like running or jumping.
Continue lifelong joint-care exercises.
Sparsh Diagnostic Centre offers physiotherapy guidance and post-operative follow-up for patients undergoing TKR.
Benefits of Total Knee Replacement
Dramatic pain relief
Improved mobility and flexibility
Enhanced quality of life
Long-lasting results – modern implants last 15 to 20+ years
Better sleep and independence
Risks and Complications
As with any surgery, TKR carries some risks:
Infection
Blood clots
Implant loosening or wear
Nerve or blood vessel damage
Stiffness or limited motion
Most complications are rare and manageable with early intervention and monitoring.
Longevity and Success Rate
Success rate of TKR is over 90%.
Implants can last 15 to 25 years or longer with proper care.
Factors influencing longevity:
Weight management
Activity level
Avoiding injury or strain
Periodic follow-up with orthopedic surgeon
Lifestyle After Knee Replacement
Here are some post-surgery lifestyle tips:
Stay active with low-impact exercises like swimming or cycling.
Maintain healthy weight to reduce implant load.
Avoid squatting or kneeling on hard surfaces.
Inform dentists and doctors about your implant before invasive procedures to prevent infection.
Cost and Insurance Coverage
The cost of total knee replacement varies based on:
City and hospital
Surgeon experience
Type of implant
Hospital stay and rehabilitation
Many health insurance plans cover TKR. Always check:
Preauthorization requirements
Hospital empanelment
Documentation needed for reimbursement
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. How painful is total knee replacement?
Pain is expected post-surgery but is well-managed with medications. Most patients feel significant relief within a few weeks.
2. Will I walk again normally?
Yes. With rehabilitation, most patients regain normal walking ability within 3 months.
3. Can knee replacement be done at any age?
Though commonly done in people above 60, it can be performed earlier if pain severely limits function.
4. How do I know if my knee implant is failing?
Warning signs include increased pain, swelling, instability, or reduced range of motion. Consult your doctor immediately.
5. Can I climb stairs after TKR?
Yes. Climbing stairs is possible with practice and strengthening exercises post-recovery.
Total knee replacement is a proven and effective solution for those suffering from severe knee pain and arthritis. With proper diagnostics, skilled surgery, and dedicated rehabilitation, patients can reclaim their mobility and live pain-free.
Sparsh Diagnostic Centre plays a vital role in the success of knee replacements by providing state-of-the-art imaging, expert consultation, and holistic post-operative support.
If you or a loved one is considering knee replacement, consult an orthopedic surgeon and begin your journey with the right diagnostic foundation.
For more information or diagnostic support, contact:
📍 Sparsh Diagnostic Centre
📞 9830117733 / 8335049501
🕒 Open Mon–Sat: 7AM to 9PM | Sunday: 7AM to 3PM
Stay mobile. Stay pain-free. Stay healthy.
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Disclaimer:
No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician.
