Sunburn

Sunshine is vital for health — it boosts mood, strengthens bones through vitamin D, and supports sleep cycles. But prolonged exposure to the sun, especially without protection, can damage your skin and result in sunburn, a condition caused by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. While mild sunburn causes temporary redness and discomfort, severe cases can lead to blisters, peeling, long-term skin damage, and increased risk of skin cancer.

This in-depth blog explores everything you need to know about sunburn, including its causes, symptoms, stages, prevention tips, and treatment options.

What Is Sunburn?

Sunburn is an inflammatory response of the skin triggered by excessive exposure to UV radiation, primarily UVB rays. When your skin is exposed to the sun for too long without adequate protection, the UV rays damage the DNA in skin cells, leading to inflammation, cell death, and peeling.

Sunburn can affect anyone, regardless of skin type, although people with fair skin are more susceptible. It typically appears within a few hours of sun exposure and may worsen over the next 24–72 hours.

Causes of Sunburn

Sunburn is mainly caused by exposure to UV rays from the sun, but it can also occur from artificial sources like tanning beds or phototherapy lamps. Key contributors include:

1. Prolonged Sun Exposure

Spending too much time in direct sunlight, especially between 10 AM and 4 PM when UV rays are strongest, increases your risk.

2. Lack of Sun Protection

Not using sunscreen or protective clothing leaves the skin vulnerable to UV damage.

3. Reflection From Surfaces

UV rays reflect off surfaces like sand, water, snow, and concrete, intensifying sun exposure even in the shade.

4. High Altitudes and Equatorial Locations

UV radiation is stronger at higher elevations and closer to the equator.

5. Certain Medications

Drugs like antibiotics, diuretics, and acne treatments may increase sun sensitivity (photosensitivity), making sunburn more likely.

Symptoms of Sunburn

Sunburn symptoms vary depending on the severity and duration of exposure. Common symptoms include:

Mild Sunburn

• Red or pink skin

• Warmth and tenderness

• Mild pain or discomfort

• Itching or dryness

• Slight swelling

Moderate to Severe Sunburn

• Bright red skin with intense pain

• Swelling and skin tightness

• Fluid-filled blisters

• Headache and fatigue

• Fever or chills (in extreme cases)

• Nausea and dizziness

• Skin peeling a few days later

Stages of Sunburn

Sunburn typically progresses in stages:

Stage 1: Onset (0–24 hours)

Symptoms start appearing within hours of sun exposure — redness, warmth, and pain develop.

Stage 2: Peak Inflammation (24–72 hours)

Pain, swelling, and blisters may worsen. Skin damage becomes more noticeable.

Stage 3: Healing (3–7 days)

Blisters may burst, and skin begins peeling. New skin forms underneath.

Stage 4: Recovery (1–2 weeks)

Skin may remain sensitive and discolored. Full healing can take up to two weeks, depending on severity.

Types of Sunburn

1. First-Degree Sunburn

• Affects the outermost skin layer (epidermis)

• Symptoms: redness, pain, dryness

• Usually heals within 3–5 days

2. Second-Degree Sunburn

• Affects both the epidermis and underlying dermis

• Symptoms: blisters, severe pain, swelling

• Healing takes 1–2 weeks

3. Third-Degree Sunburn (Rare)

• Extremely rare from sun exposure alone

• Destroys deeper skin layers

• Requires immediate medical attention

Complications of Sunburn

Repeated or severe sunburns increase the risk of:

• Premature aging (wrinkles, sunspots)

• Actinic keratosis (precancerous skin growths)

• Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma

• Photosensitivity

• Sun poisoning (severe systemic reaction)

Risk Factors

You’re more likely to get sunburn if you:

• Have fair or light skin

• Have blue or green eyes

• Have red or blonde hair

• Are under 18 or over 60

• Use tanning beds

• Take photosensitizing medications

• Have a history of frequent sunburns

• Are outdoors for long hours (athletes, laborers)

Prevention of Sunburn

Preventing sunburn is easier and safer than treating it. Here’s how you can protect your skin:

1. Use Broad-Spectrum Sunscreen

• Choose SPF 30 or higher with UVA and UVB protection

• Apply 15–30 minutes before going outside

• Reapply every 2 hours, or after swimming/sweating

2. Wear Protective Clothing

• Long-sleeved shirts, wide-brimmed hats, and UV-blocking sunglasses

• Consider UV-protective fabrics

3. Seek Shade

• Especially between 10 AM to 4 PM

• Use umbrellas or trees when outdoors

4. Avoid Tanning Beds

• These emit harmful UV rays that increase the risk of skin cancer

5. Be Extra Cautious Around Reflective Surfaces

• Snow, water, and sand increase UV exposure

6. Check the UV Index

• Apps and weather reports provide daily UV levels

• Take extra precautions when the UV index is 6 or higher

Treatment for Sunburn

If you do get sunburnt, early and consistent treatment can ease symptoms and promote faster healing:

1. Cool the Skin

• Take cool (not cold) showers or baths

• Apply cold compresses to affected areas

2. Moisturize

• Use aloe vera gel or fragrance-free lotions

• Avoid petroleum-based products that trap heat

3. Stay Hydrated

• Drink plenty of water to combat dehydration from skin inflammation

4. Pain Relief

• Use OTC medications like ibuprofen or paracetamol for pain and swelling

5. Avoid Further Sun Exposure

• Stay indoors until the burn heals

6. Don’t Pop Blisters

• Let them heal naturally to avoid infection

• If a blister breaks, clean with mild soap and cover with a sterile dressing

7. Seek Medical Attention

Contact a doctor if:

• You have blisters covering a large area

• Severe pain or fever develops

• You feel dizzy, nauseous, or dehydrated

• There are signs of infection (pus, increased redness, swelling)

Sunburn in Children

Children’s skin is more delicate and burns easily. Use the following precautions:

• Keep babies under 6 months out of direct sunlight

• Dress children in hats and protective clothing

• Use child-friendly sunscreen

• Reapply sunscreen frequently during outdoor play

Sunburn Myths and Facts

Long-Term Effects of Sunburn

Even a single severe sunburn can cause irreversible DNA damage, contributing to long-term skin problems:

• Chronic photoaging (wrinkles, leathery texture)

• Hyperpigmentation

• Moles and sunspots

• Increased risk of melanoma, especially if the sunburn occurs during childhood or adolescence

When to See a Dermatologist

If you experience recurring sunburns, unusual skin changes, or signs of skin cancer like changing moles, consult a dermatologist. Regular skin checks help detect early signs of sun damage and cancer.

Key Takeaways

• Sunburn is preventable but can cause significant discomfort and long-term health issues if ignored.

• Use sunscreen, cover up, and avoid peak sun hours to stay protected.

• Treat sunburn promptly and monitor your skin for signs of infection or unusual changes.

Sunburn is more than just temporary redness — it’s a warning sign of deeper cellular damage. With growing awareness about skin health and skin cancer, protecting your skin from sunburn should be a daily routine, not just a vacation concern. Prioritize sun safety with sunscreen, protective clothing, and smart habits to enjoy the sun without the burn.