Have you been struggling with unexplained fatigue, snoring, or restless sleep? You may be suffering from a sleep disorder that disrupts your nightly rest and affects your overall health. A polysomnogram (PSG), also known as a sleep study, is the most comprehensive diagnostic test used to evaluate sleep problems.
This detailed overnight test records brain activity, breathing patterns, muscle movement, and heart rhythm while you sleep — providing valuable insights into your sleep cycles and identifying potential disorders like sleep apnea, insomnia, narcolepsy, and periodic limb movement disorder.
In this guide, we’ll explore what a polysomnogram is, how it works, its uses, preparation steps, results interpretation, and why it’s an essential part of modern sleep medicine.
What Is a Polysomnogram?
A polysomnogram is an overnight diagnostic test that monitors various physiological parameters while you sleep. It provides a detailed snapshot of how your body functions during different stages of sleep — from light sleep to deep REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep.
The term “poly” means many, and “somno” means sleep — so a polysomnogram literally means “many measurements during sleep.”
The test is usually performed at a sleep center or diagnostic laboratory, such as Sparsh Diagnostic Centre, where trained technicians supervise the study using advanced monitoring systems.
Why Is a Polysomnogram Done?
Your doctor may recommend a polysomnogram if you experience symptoms such as:
Loud snoring or gasping during sleep
Pauses in breathing (as noticed by a partner)
Excessive daytime sleepiness or fatigue
Difficulty falling or staying asleep
Unusual movements during sleep
Sudden muscle weakness or sleep paralysis
Morning headaches or dry mouth
These symptoms may suggest underlying conditions such as:
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA): A condition where throat muscles relax intermittently, blocking airflow during sleep.
Central Sleep Apnea: The brain fails to send proper signals to muscles that control breathing.
Narcolepsy: Excessive daytime sleepiness with sudden sleep attacks.
Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS): Uncontrollable urge to move legs, often disrupting sleep.
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD): Repetitive limb jerks during sleep.
Insomnia: Persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep.
REM Behavior Disorder: Acting out dreams physically due to lack of normal muscle paralysis in REM sleep.
How Does a Polysomnogram Work?
A polysomnogram records multiple body functions through specialized sensors attached to your scalp, face, chest, and limbs. These sensors collect data throughout the night and send it to a computer for analysis.
The test typically monitors:
Electroencephalogram (EEG): Measures brain waves to identify different sleep stages.
Electrooculogram (EOG): Tracks eye movements to detect REM sleep.
Electromyogram (EMG): Records muscle activity and detects movements or twitching.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): Monitors heart rate and rhythm.
Airflow Sensors: Detect breathing through the nose and mouth.
Oximeter Probe: Measures oxygen levels in the blood.
Respiratory Effort Belts: Measure chest and abdominal movement to track breathing effort.
Together, these readings provide a comprehensive overview of your sleep patterns and help identify abnormalities.
The Polysomnography Procedure: Step-by-Step
Here’s what typically happens when you undergo a sleep study:
1. Before the Test
You’ll receive instructions on how to prepare, such as:
Avoid caffeine and alcohol on the day of the test.
Continue taking prescribed medications unless told otherwise.
Wash your hair (no oils or sprays) to ensure sensors stick properly.
Bring comfortable nightwear and your regular pillow if desired.
2. Before the start of the procedure
Before the procedure, a technician will explain the procedure and attach sensors to your scalp, face, chest, and legs using mild adhesive or paste.
3. The Overnight Monitoring
Once you’re settled, you’ll be encouraged to sleep as you normally do. The sensors transmit data to a nearby computer throughout the night. A technician observes from another room and can assist you if you wake up or need to use the restroom.
4. Morning Completion
The test ends in the morning when you wake up. The sensors are gently removed, and you can resume normal activities.
5. Data Analysis
The recorded data is analyzed by a sleep specialist who reviews your sleep cycles, breathing patterns, oxygen levels, and movements to provide a diagnosis.
Types of Polysomnography
There are several types of polysomnograms depending on your symptoms and the doctor’s assessment:
Diagnostic Overnight PSG: The standard test to diagnose sleep disorders.
Split-Night Study: The first half diagnoses sleep apnea, and the second half determines the effectiveness of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) therapy.
CPAP Titration Study: Used to determine the optimal air pressure for CPAP treatment.
Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT): Conducted the next day to measure how quickly you fall asleep during naps — often used for diagnosing narcolepsy.
Home Sleep Apnea Test (HSAT): A simplified version that you can do at home to assess suspected sleep apnea.
What to Expect During a Polysomnogram
Many patients worry that they won’t be able to sleep in a lab setting, but most people fall asleep normally after some time. The environment is designed to be quiet and comfortable with air conditioning and minimal light.
The test is painless and non-invasive, though some may find the sensors slightly uncomfortable at first. If you have trouble sleeping, technicians can often still gather enough data for analysis.
Interpreting Polysomnography Results
After your test, a sleep specialist reviews your data and generates a report summarizing key findings, including:
Total sleep time
Sleep efficiency (time spent asleep vs. in bed)
Sleep latency (time to fall asleep)
Sleep stages (light, deep, REM)
Arousal index (number of awakenings)
Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) — number of breathing interruptions per hour
Oxygen saturation levels
Leg movements and heart rate variability
These results help determine the presence and severity of sleep disorders. For example:
An AHI of 5–15 indicates mild sleep apnea.
15–30 indicates moderate sleep apnea.
Over 30 indicates severe sleep apnea.
Your doctor will then discuss treatment options such as CPAP therapy, lifestyle changes, oral appliances, or medications, depending on the diagnosis.
Benefits of a Polysomnogram
A polysomnogram provides several crucial benefits, including:
Accurate diagnosis of complex sleep disorders
Personalized treatment recommendations
Monitoring therapy effectiveness, especially for CPAP users
Prevention of complications like high blood pressure, heart disease, or daytime accidents caused by fatigue
Improved quality of life through better sleep and restored energy levels
Risks and Side Effects
Polysomnography is a safe procedure with minimal risks.
How to Prepare for a Polysomnogram
To ensure accurate results, follow these preparation tips:
Avoid caffeine, alcohol, or nicotine on the test day.
Inform your doctor about all medications you take.
Wash your hair thoroughly; avoid conditioners or oils.
Eat dinner before the test.
Bring comfortable sleepwear and any personal bedtime items.
Follow your usual sleep routine as closely as possible.
Cost of Polysomnography in India
The cost of a polysomnogram in India typically ranges from ₹7,000 to ₹12,000, depending on factors such as:
Location and facility
Type of study (basic vs. split-night or CPAP titration)
Specialist fees and follow-up consultations
At Sparsh Diagnostic Centre, patients can expect a comprehensive sleep study service at an affordable rate with advanced equipment and experienced technologists.
When to Consult a Doctor
You should consult a sleep specialist or diagnostic expert if you experience:
Persistent snoring or choking at night
Morning headaches or dry mouth
Daytime fatigue despite full-night sleep
Difficulty concentrating or irritability
Frequent night awakenings
Early diagnosis and management of sleep disorders through a polysomnogram can significantly improve your health and well-being.
Sleep is the foundation of good health, yet millions of people suffer silently from undiagnosed sleep disorders. A polysomnogram offers an effective and evidence-based way to uncover what’s disrupting your rest.
By identifying conditions like sleep apnea, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome, this test enables timely treatment — leading to improved energy, mood, and heart health.
If you suspect a sleep disorder, don’t ignore the signs. Book a polysomnography test at Sparsh Diagnostic Centre and take the first step toward restful, rejuvenating sleep.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. What is the difference between a polysomnogram and a home sleep test?
A polysomnogram is performed in a controlled sleep lab with multiple sensors monitoring brain activity, breathing, and muscle movement. A home sleep test focuses mainly on breathing and oxygen levels, suitable for suspected sleep apnea cases.
2. How long does a polysomnography test take?
The test typically lasts 6–8 hours overnight, including preparation and post-test removal of sensors.
3. Is a polysomnogram painful?
No. The test is completely non-invasive and painless. You might feel mild discomfort from the electrodes, but it does not hurt.
4. Can I take my medications before the test?
Yes, but you should inform your doctor about all medications, as some can affect sleep patterns.
5. What happens if I can’t sleep during the test?
Even if you don’t sleep as long as usual, the recorded data is often sufficient for an accurate analysis of sleep stages and breathing patterns.
6. Can children undergo polysomnography?
Yes. Polysomnography is safe for both children and adults and is often used to diagnose pediatric sleep disorders like sleep apnea or night terrors.
7. When will I get my results?
Results are usually available within a few days, after a specialist reviews and interprets the data.
8. Do I need a doctor’s referral for a polysomnogram?
In most cases, yes. A physician or sleep specialist evaluates your symptoms and recommends the test if necessary.
Key Takeaway
A polysomnogram is the most reliable diagnostic tool for identifying sleep disorders that can silently affect your physical and mental health. Through proper evaluation and treatment, you can reclaim restorative sleep and lead a healthier life.
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Disclaimer:
No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician.
