Patellar Dislocation

Patellar dislocation is a painful and sometimes debilitating knee injury that occurs when the patella (kneecap) slips out of its normal alignment, usually toward the outside of the knee. While it’s common among athletes and active individuals, it can affect anyone, especially those with certain anatomical predispositions. Early diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial to avoid long-term complications like recurrent dislocations, chronic pain, or knee instability.

In this comprehensive guide, we’ll walk you through what patellar dislocation is, what causes it, its symptoms, how it is diagnosed, and the most effective treatment and recovery strategies.

What is Patellar Dislocation?

The patella, or kneecap, is a small, flat bone that sits in front of the knee joint. It glides within a groove called the trochlear groove of the femur as you bend or straighten your knee. In a patellar dislocation, the kneecap is forced out of this groove, usually due to a sudden twisting motion, a direct blow, or trauma.

There are two main types of dislocations:

• Lateral Dislocation: The most common form, where the patella moves outward toward the outside of the leg.

• Medial Dislocation: Rare and usually results from surgical procedures or significant trauma.

Causes of Patellar Dislocation

Several factors can contribute to patellar dislocation, including:

1. Trauma or Impact

Direct trauma to the knee—such as during a fall, a blow in contact sports, or a car accident—can dislodge the patella from its normal position.

2. Sudden Twisting Motion

A sharp twist of the leg while the foot is planted (often seen in sports like basketball, soccer, or gymnastics) can force the patella out of place.

3. Congenital or Anatomical Factors

Some individuals are born with anatomical predispositions such as:

• Shallow trochlear groove

• High-riding patella (patella alta)

• Weak quadriceps or hamstrings

• Loose ligaments (ligamentous laxity)

4. Previous Dislocation

A history of prior dislocation increases the likelihood of recurrence due to weakened soft tissues and ligaments.

5. Muscle Imbalance or Weakness

Uneven tension in the quadriceps muscles can pull the patella off track.

Symptoms of Patellar Dislocation

A patellar dislocation is usually very painful and hard to miss. Common symptoms include:

• Severe pain around the front of the knee

• Visible displacement of the kneecap

• Swelling and tenderness

• Knee instability or the feeling that the knee is giving way

• Popping sound at the time of injury

• Restricted range of motion

• Knee collapse or buckling when trying to walk

If you or someone around you experiences these symptoms, immediate medical evaluation is essential.

Diagnosis of Patellar Dislocation

At diagnostic centers like Sparsh Diagnostic Centre, diagnosing patellar dislocation involves a combination of physical examination and imaging tests:

1. Patient History and Symptom Review

Doctors first review the patient’s injury history, symptoms, and any previous knee problems.

2. Physical Examination

One key test is the Patellar Apprehension Test. In this test:

• The examiner applies gentle lateral pressure to the patella.

• If the patient shows fear, pain, or attempts to move away, it indicates instability.

3. Imaging Tests

To confirm the diagnosis and rule out other injuries, the following may be used:

• X-ray: Detects bone alignment, fractures, or anatomical issues.

• MRI: Offers a detailed look at soft tissue injuries like torn ligaments, cartilage damage, and bone bruising.

Treatment Options for Patellar Dislocation

Treatment varies depending on the severity, recurrence, and presence of complications like fractures or ligament tears.

A. Initial Management

1. Reduction

The first step is often “reduction” – a procedure to gently push the patella back into its proper place. This is usually done manually by a trained healthcare provider.

2. RICE Protocol

• Rest: Avoid putting weight on the knee.

• Ice: Apply cold packs to reduce swelling.

• Compression: Use an elastic bandage to support the knee.

• Elevation: Keep the leg elevated to reduce fluid buildup.

B. Non-Surgical Treatment

1. Immobilization

A knee brace or immobilizer may be used for a few weeks to keep the knee stable.

2. Crutches

Used to avoid putting weight on the injured leg during the healing process.

3. Physical Therapy

Rehabilitation is crucial to restore mobility and strength:

• Quadriceps strengthening

• Stretching exercises

• Balance and proprioception training

C. Surgical Treatment

Surgery may be recommended if:

• The dislocation is recurrent

• Ligaments or cartilage are significantly damaged

• There are bone fragments or fractures

Common procedures include:

• Lateral release: Loosening tight tissues pulling the patella laterally.

• MPFL reconstruction: Rebuilding the medial patellofemoral ligament for stability.

• Trochleoplasty: Deepening the groove of the femur for better patellar alignment.

Recovery and Rehabilitation

The recovery timeline varies, but typically:

• Non-surgical cases: 6 to 12 weeks

• Post-surgery recovery: Up to 6 months

Rehabilitation Phases:

1. Acute Phase (Weeks 1–3)

   • Control pain and swelling

   • Begin gentle range-of-motion exercises

2. Strengthening Phase (Weeks 4–8)

   • Improve quadriceps and hamstring strength

   • Gradually increase weight-bearing activities

3. Functional Phase (Weeks 9–12)

   • Return to daily activities

   • Introduce sport-specific drills

4. Return to Sport (After 3 Months)

   • Only if strength and stability have returned

   • Clearance from physiotherapist or orthopedic surgeon

Preventing Patellar Dislocation

While not all cases can be prevented, especially if due to genetics or bone structure, the risk can be minimized through:

• Strength training: Especially the quadriceps and hamstrings

• Proper warm-up and stretching

• Using knee braces during sports if there is a history of dislocation

• Footwear with good support

• Avoiding high-risk movements or abrupt changes in direction

Complications of Untreated or Recurrent Patellar Dislocation

Failing to treat a patellar dislocation appropriately can result in:

• Chronic knee instability

• Recurrent dislocations

• Cartilage damage

• Arthritis later in life

• Decreased mobility and quality of life

When to See a Doctor

Seek medical attention immediately if:

• You hear a pop and feel the kneecap shift

• There is visible deformity or dislocation

• You experience swelling, pain, or inability to bear weight

• You have recurring knee dislocations

Early intervention reduces the risk of complications and speeds up recovery.

Why Choose Sparsh Diagnostic Centre?

At Sparsh Diagnostic Centre, patients benefit from:

• Experienced orthopedic specialists

• Comprehensive diagnosis and treatment plans

• Individualized physical therapy programs

• Supportive care with empathy and professionalism

Whether it’s your first dislocation or a recurring issue, Sparsh provides a holistic approach—from diagnosis to recovery.

Patellar dislocation is a serious injury that shouldn’t be ignored. With the right diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation, most people can return to full activity without lasting effects. Recognizing symptoms early and seeking care can make all the difference in recovery outcomes.

If you or someone you know is struggling with knee pain or instability, don’t wait. Book a consultation and take the first step toward healing.

Sparsh Diagnostic Centre
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Disclaimer:

No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician.