Peritonitis

Peritonitis is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by the inflammation of the peritoneum, the thin layer of tissue that lines the inner wall of the abdomen and covers most of the abdominal organs. This condition requires immediate medical attention and can arise from various causes. In this blog, we’ll delve into what peritonitis is, its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment options, and preventive measures.

What is Peritonitis?

Peritonitis occurs when the peritoneum becomes inflamed, often due to a bacterial or fungal infection. The inflammation can spread rapidly, leading to sepsis, a life-threatening response to infection that can cause tissue damage, organ failure, and death if not treated promptly.

Causes:

Peritonitis can be classified into two main types based on its origin:

1. Primary Peritonitis: Also known as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), this type occurs without an apparent source of infection within the abdomen. It is often associated with liver disease, such as cirrhosis, and the presence of ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen).
2. Secondary Peritonitis: This type is more common and occurs due to an infection spreading from an abdominal organ. Causes include:
   • Perforated Peptic Ulcer: A hole in the stomach or duodenal lining.
   • Ruptured Appendix: A burst appendix can release bacteria into the abdominal cavity.
   • Diverticulitis: Infected or inflamed pouches in the colon.
   • Trauma: Injury to the abdomen.
   • Surgical Complications: Postoperative infections or leaks from gastrointestinal surgery.
   • Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of peritonitis can develop rapidly and may include:

• Severe abdominal pain or tenderness
• Abdominal bloating or distention
• Fever and chills
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Diarrhea or constipation
• Rapid heart rate
• Decreased urine output
• Fatigue and weakness

Diagnosis

Diagnosing peritonitis involves a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory tests, and imaging studies:

• Physical Examination: Checking for abdominal tenderness and signs of infection.
• Blood Tests: Elevated white blood cell count indicates infection.
• Imaging Tests: X-rays, ultrasounds, or CT scans to detect abnormalities in the abdomen.
• Paracentesis: A procedure where a sample of abdominal fluid is taken for analysis to identify the presence of infection.

Treatment Options

Peritonitis is a medical emergency that requires prompt treatment to prevent severe complications. The main treatment strategies include:

1. Antibiotics: Broad-spectrum antibiotics are administered immediately to fight the infection.
2. Surgery: If secondary peritonitis is caused by a perforated organ or other intra-abdominal sources, surgery may be necessary to repair the damage and remove infected tissue.
3. Drainage: In cases with abscesses or significant fluid accumulation, drainage procedures may be performed.
4. Supportive Care: This includes intravenous fluids to prevent dehydration, pain management, and monitoring vital signs.

Prevention

Preventing peritonitis involves addressing underlying risk factors and maintaining good health practices:

• Manage Chronic Conditions: Proper management of liver disease, kidney disease, and gastrointestinal disorders.
• Prompt Treatment of Infections: Early treatment of abdominal infections and inflammatory conditions.
• Safe Surgical Practices: Following surgical guidelines to minimize postoperative infections.
• Hygiene: Maintaining cleanliness and care for individuals on peritoneal dialysis to prevent infection.

Peritonitis is a critical condition that necessitates immediate medical intervention. Understanding its causes, recognizing the symptoms, and seeking prompt treatment can significantly improve outcomes and prevent severe complications. By being aware of the risks and adhering to preventive measures, individuals can reduce their chances of developing peritonitis and ensure better overall health.

If you or someone you know is experiencing symptoms of peritonitis, it is vital to seek medical attention immediately to receive appropriate care and treatment.